This confrontation is expected to have global ramifications, including in regions such as West Asia, where it may fuel nationalism – which has surged proudly in regional states like Saudi Arabia – which in turn can exacerbate further conflict. The new Concept emphasizes cultural and ideological factors, indicating that the confrontation between Russia and the West will become more ideological, particularly as the rejection of neoliberalism has become a foundation of Russian foreign policy. Russian elites are convinced that their country’s survival as a unique and independent civilization necessitates a geopolitical shift away from the unipolar world represented by US supremacy. Nevertheless, Russia’s 2023 Concept of Foreign Policy is the country’s first official document to incorporate the term “Russian world.” Since the onset of the war in Ukraine, Russian officials, and particularly President Putin, have increasingly focused on invoking common civilizational, cultural, and ideological values, framing the battle as one between liberalism and other civilizations. While some see it as an attempt to protect the Russian language and culture, others view it as a tool for exerting political influence and control over neighboring countries with significant Russian-speaking populations, such as Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic states – a soft power tool in Russia’s foreign policy, so to speak. However, in a global geopolitical context, this idea provoked some controversy.
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